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Sea surface microlayer
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the top 1000 micrometers (or 1 millimeter) of the ocean surface. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean.〔Liss, P.S., Duce, R.A., 1997. The Sea Surface and Global Change. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.〕 The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.〔Zhang, Zhengbin et al. (2003). Studies on the sea surface microlayer II. The layer of sudden change of physical and chemical properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 264, 148-159.〕
== Overview of Properties ==
Organic compounds such as amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and phenols are highly enriched in the SML interface. Most of these come from biota in the sub-surface waters, which decay and become transported to the surface,〔Aller, J., Kuznetsova, M., Jahns, C., Kemp, P. The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Marine Sciences Research Center. Journal of aerosol science. Vol. 36, pp. 553-812.〕〔Carlson, David J. (1983). Dissolved Organic Materials in Surface Microlayers: Temporal and Spatial Variability and Relation to Sea State. Limnology and Oceanography, 28.3. 415-431〕 though other sources exist also such as atmospheric deposition, coastal runoff, and anthropogenic nutrification.〔 The relative concentration of these compounds is dependent on the nutrient sources as well as climate conditions such as wind speed and precipitation.〔 These organic compounds on the surface create a "film," referred to as a "slick" when visible,〔 which affects the physical and optical properties of the interface. These films occur because of the hydrophobic tendencies of many organic compounds, which causes them to protrude into the air-interface.〔〔Carlson, David J. (1982). Surface microlayer phenolic enrichments indicate sea surface slicks. Nature. 296.1. 426-429.〕 The existence of organic compounds, or "surfactants" on the ocean surface impedes wave formation for low wind speeds. For increasing concentrations of "surfactant" there is an increasing critical wind speed necessary to create ocean waves.〔〔 Increased levels of organic compounds at the surface also hinders air-sea gas exchange at low wind speeds.〔Woodcock, A. (1953). Salt nuclei in marine air as a function of altitude and wind force. Journal of Meteorology, 10, 362–371.〕 One way in which particulates and organic compounds on the surface are transported into the atmosphere is the process called "bubble bursting".〔〔Wallace Jr., G.T., Duce, R.A., 1978. Transport of particulateorganic matter by bubbles in marine waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23 Ž6., 1155–1167.〕 Bubbles generate the major portion of marine aerosols.〔〔Gustafsson, M. E. R., & Franzen, L. G. (2000). Inland transport of marine aerosols in southern Sweden. Atmospheric Environments, 34, 313–325.〕〔Grammatika, M., & Zimmerman,W. B. (2001). Microhydrodynamics offloatation process in the sea surface layer. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Ocean, 34, 327–348.〕 They can be dispersed to heights of several meters, picking up whatever particles latch on to their surface. However, the major supplier of materials comes from the SML.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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